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Important Bird Area (IBA) Proposal for Ferrisburgh, VT

Evaluating Avian Conservation Areas in Vermont using GIS
Biodiversity and IBAs
Overview of Project
Data and Methods

Biodiversity is an increasingly important priority for conservation groups and nations worldwide. It is defined by the Vermont Biodiversity Project as "variety of life in all its forms, and all the interactions between living things and their environment." Biodiversity is an essential aspect of keeping our ecosystems healthy and sustainable for all native species. Overall, Vermont is in a good place in terms of biodiversity. The state still has nearly all the species that were here when settlers arrived in the 1800s and forests cover much more area than they did 150 years ago (Vermont Biodiversity Project). Bird diversity is one part of biodiversity and has been championed in Vermont in past years by the Audubon Society of Vermont. One aspect of their work is designating Important Bird Areas (IBAs) throughout the state, which serve as conservation areas to protect important bird habitats. The proposal for a new IBA involves not only marking the borders on a map, but implementing a management plan that will guide the success of the Audobon's avian conservation efforts. 

Bird diversity graphic from the Audobon Society

Source: http://www.audubon.org/magazine/january-february-2011/pecking-order

For this project, I used geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze Vermont avian data and propose a new IBA in Addison County. Utilizing bird sighting data in Addison County from eBird, a global citizen science database for reporting bird observations, I performed a cluster analysis to determine areas of large bird species diversity. I limited the proposed IBA's to already conserved lands in the county, since the process of conserving other land is not an issue I want to tackle. Included in this project is a management plan for this IBA that will describe the physical location, why it was chosen as a conservation area, how it will be monitored, and who will be involved in the management of the space. The management plan is part of Phase II of the Audubon Society's Important Bird Area Program and is ongoing currently. This project will act as a mock proposal of an IBA, with some of the required information regarding future monitoring and management. 

I used the following data for my GIS analysis:

  • Bird observation data for Addison County from eBird

    • April to July 2016 for almost 150 species

    • Information at three taxonomic levels (more information on taxonomic rank here):

      • Species (a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding)

      • Guild (a group of species that perform similar functions) - coding system based on VTEcoStudies

      • Families

  • Protected Areas in Vermont from the Protected Areas Database (PADUS) and the National Conservation Easement Database (NCED)

IBA Proposal and Management Plan

1. Data Pre-Processing

The initial steps of my analysis involved processing the data so it was accurate and able to be used. This involved re-projecting the protected lands datasets (previously US Albers Equal Area) into the same projection as the latitude and longitude columns in the eBird data (NAD 1983 StatePlane VT 4400). This confirmed that these datasets could be analyzed on the same map. Second, the data from eBird came in .csv files with latitude and longitude fields. Before I could display them in ArcGIS and perform analysis, I converted and displayed the latitude and longitude fields and exported the data. 

2. Cluster Analysis

The main part of my analysis of the bird data was generating cluster analyses based on the provided data. Cluster analysis, another term for pattern analysis, is a way of quantifying and understanding spatial patterns and the processes that cause them. Patterns, in the spatial realm, refer to the distribution of features in space which exhibit a certain amount of predictability. For this analysis, I used an Optimized Hot Spot Analysis tool called Getis Ord. This tool finds statistically significant hot and cold spots by comparing features to neighbors. To be significant, high value features must be surrounded by other features with high values. The local sum in a location is compared to the sum of all features to determine the difference from expected result. In this context, this tool allows us to see where in Addition County there are high concentrations of bird sightings, either by species, guild, or family. I ran the tool on each of the three classifications and found similar trends with each data set. For my IBA, I wanted to focus on a large diversity of species of birds, so I ended up using the cluster analysis with the species data for my final analysis.

3. Spatial and Descriptive Statistics

The second aspect of my analysis was analyzing the arrangement of data using other descriptive statistics to understand the distribution of different species in Addison County. I used a tool called Ripley's K, also known as multi-distance spatial cluster analysis (aka every spatial analysis buzz word in one tool name), which counts the number of neighboring features of interest found within a given distance of each other feature of interest to determine the degree to which the points are clustered or dispersed. I found that between the three datasets, within Addison County, guilds are the most clustered, species next, and families the least clustered (but all three were significantly clustered). I also used some descriptive statistics, namely Directional Distribution, to analyze whether different species exhibit similar or different directional trends across the county. The example to the right shows a comparison between mallards, wood ducks, and bald eagles in Addison County. These types of analysis allow us to consider the spatial dimensions of avian populations in Vermont.

Using the cluster analysis of species in Addison County and comparing it to already conserved land in the county, my proposal suggests that Addison County should designate an IBA in Ferrisburgh, near the north-western corner of the county along Lake Champlain. Since this proposal was limited to already conserved lands, I am proposing a management area that includes Kingsland Bay State Park, the northern portion of Lower Otter Creek Wildlife Management Area (both managed by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources) and all of Grosse Point (managed by The Nature Conservancy).

 

My cluster analysis found 5 "hot spots" within the proposed area, corresponding with areas with a high number of bird sightings. This location fits the criteria for an IBA because it is clearly a place, based on my analysis, where a large diversity of birds congregate. I chose this location partly because Little Otter Creek Wildlife Management Area, just to the East of this location in Ferrisburgh, is already a proposed IBA to the Audobon Society. It is much easier to both monitor and manage conserved land if there is already conservation happening close by. Previous records show that Lower Otter Creek WMA attracts a wide variety of wetland and water birds due to the protected waters and marshes (Vermont Fish and Wildlife). Little Otter Creek has very similar characteristics and is seen as an important breeding location for endangered and threatened species.

This particular IBA, as mentioned above, is focused on being a gathering place for a wide diversity of species of birds across the county, Vermont, and elsewhere. Similar to Little Otter Creek WMA, this IBA will be a designated breeding location for endangered marshbirds due to the nature of the habitat. Therefore, management and monitoring must be focused on evaluating the effectiveness in these realms. It is necessary to provide a management plan for a project like this because prioritization of certain goals, an understanding of the limits and capabilities of the space, and figuring out who will manage and monitor the land helps avoid negative uses and future conflicts (Eaton Forest Management Plan). A management plan like this is meant to be agreed upon and include input from stakeholders and citizens who will use the space or benefit from it. 

IBAs in the United States, displayed by priority, from the Audobon Society

Source: http://web4.audubon.org/bird/iba/iba_resources/Communications/Fact%20Sheets/FactSheet-IBAs.pdf

The management of this IBA will be divided between the Audobon Society, The Nature Convervancy, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, and the public. Since TNC and Vermont ANR already manage all of the land, they will have input into all decisions made in terms of management and monitoring. However, since the Audubon Society has expertise with management of IBAs, they will take charge of implementing these decisions and bringing them to the other stakeholders. A unique feature of the IBA program is that there is no legal or regulatory status for the land; participation on the part of local landowners and stakeholders is entirely voluntary (Audubon Society). This means that in terms of management, the key aspect of this IBA will be engaging with the scientific, conservation, and broader communities to garner both input and volunteers for monitoring and other projects. This will involve hosting education and outreach events at every step during and after the implementation process to gain awareness in the community of the work being done at the IBA and how people can help.

Bird monitoring education programs for the public, which have been very successful across the country at IBAs in Arizona, Iowa, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, will be an important part of the outreach to the community (Audubon Society). Training hundreds of volunteers that are invested in conservation and the future success of the program is essential for long term viability. At other sites, building a committed team of citizen scientists allows the program to carry out its many goals, including assessing breeding success and threats to bird populations (Audubon Society). Monitoring the number and diversity of birds that use the IBA and evaluating the results will initially be in the hands of the conservation experts at the Audubon Society, but will ideally shift to the new team of citizen scientists built through outreach and education events. Monitoring procedures will involve monthly events to count birds and identify which species are using the site most often for breeding. In addition, during peak migration periods in the fall and spring, monitoring events will be held more often to evaluate whether this site is being used by certain species for migration practices. Migration periods are some of the best times to get people who may not usually be invested in avian conservation to come out and see the work the IBA program is doing. At these events, there would ideally be representatives from the Audubon Society or local scientific or educational institutions like Middlebury College to teach interested visitors about conservation practices. The IBA would also be a great location for a science field trip for local grade-school students, as well as college students interested in environmental science and community participation. For example, as part of this project, our class visited the Dead Creek Wildlife Management Area in Addison, Vermont to see snow geese migrating South for winter. 

 

The data collected at monitoring events will be used to assess the success of the program through changes in bird population, whether a large diversity of species are using the site, and how this site is being used differently than other IBAs in the state. For this particular IBA, the data collected and analyzed will be publicly available online in easy-to-understand formats for all citizens, scientists, and stakeholders. The entire IBA program is moving over to a new data management and web map platform through ESRI, which hopefully could be implemented at a smaller scale in Vermont (Audubon Society). Success of the program will be determined based on both whether a significant diversity of bird species are using the space during migration and other times, as well as how many volunteers are committed and the number and quality of educational and outreach events. It is very important for future conservation for citizens without a vested interest in birds or children without prior experience to be involved in monitoring and management of an IBA. While there will be quantitative measures used to determine the change over time and across space of avian populations, the assessment of the impact on the community will also be necessary. 

 

An important recurrent step in management of IBAs is the "conservation action phase," which Wells et al. describe as improving avian conservation efforts through "increasing rates of land acquisition for conservation by state wildlife agencies" or "changing land-use policies that are detrimental to birds" (Wells et al.). Once the IBA becomes well-established, it is important to try to make real change on the state level in terms of future conservation of both bird habitats and habitat important for all life. This is where a committed and invested team of citizens has a real voice and can make change.

Limitations and Sources of Error

There was only one clear limitation in my methods/data that makes it difficult to definitively assess bird populations in Addison County. Since the data used for bird sightings was citizen science data, the large majority of the points were in areas with significant human population and use, which is a common feature of this type of data. In addition, many of the points showed up in already identified Important Bird Areas, such as the Dead Creek Wildlife Management Area. While data from eBird can be used for an analysis such as this, it cannot be seen as a definitive study on where birds are in Addison County. In addition, cluster analysis, and in particular Optimized Hot Spot Analysis is only one tool for analyzing the distribution of points across space. While hot spots might have been the most useful statistic for this project, there are other tools that may have given a more detailed perspective on the patterns of bird populations. 

Sources

Audubon Society, "Important Bird Areas (IBAs)," August 2017. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/iba/iba_resources/Communications/Fact%20Sheets/Science%20Fact%20Sheets/ImportantBirdAreas.pdf

 

Audubon Society, "Important Bird Areas: A Valuable Tool for Protecting the Places Most Crucial to Birds," August 2017. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/iba/documents/IBAs_PolicyUse.pdf

 

Audubon Society, "The Important Bird Areas (IBAs) Program," January 2015. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/iba/iba_resources/Communications/Fact%20Sheets/FactSheet-IBAs.pdf

 

Town of Warren Conservation Commission, "EATON FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN"  http://www.warrenvt.org/depts/Conserv_Com/Plan/Eaton_plan_draft_11-11-08.pdf

Vermont Biodiversity Project, July 2003. http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/sal/vbp/index.html

Vermont Fish and Wildlife, Lower Otter Creek Wildlife Management Area, http://www.vtfishandwildlife.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_73079/File/Where%20to%20Hunt/Essex%20District/Lower%20Otter%20Creek%20WMA.pdf

Wells, J.V., Niven, D.K., Cecil, J., 2005. The Important Bird Areas Program in the United States: building a network of sites for conservation, state by state. Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas, pp. 20–24.  https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_1265-1269_wells.pdf

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